spec

Core interface definitions for file system interaction with lakeFS from Python.

In particular, the core LakeFSFileSystem and LakeFSFile classes.

LakeFSFileSystem

Bases: AbstractFileSystem

lakeFS file system implementation.

Instances of this class are cached based on their constructor arguments.

For more information, see the fsspec documentation https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/features.html#instance-caching.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
host	The address of your lakeFS instance. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
username	The access key name to use in case of access key authentication. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
password	The access key secret to use in case of access key authentication. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
api_key	The API key to use in case of authentication with an API key. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
api_key_prefix	A string prefix to use for the API key in authentication. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
access_token	An access token to use in case of access token authentication. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
verify_ssl	Whether to verify SSL certificates in API interactions. Do not disable in production. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
ssl_ca_cert	A custom certificate PEM file to use to verify the peer in SSL connections. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
proxy	Proxy address to use when connecting to a lakeFS server. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
create_branch_ok	Whether to create branches implicitly when not-existing branches are referenced on file uploads. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
source_branch	Source branch set as origin when a new branch is implicitly created. TYPE: str DEFAULT: 'main'
**storage_options	Configuration options to pass to the file system's directory cache. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

class LakeFSFileSystem(AbstractFileSystem):
    """
    lakeFS file system implementation.

    Instances of this class are cached based on their constructor arguments.

    For more information, see the fsspec documentation <https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/features.html#instance-caching>.

    Parameters
    ----------
    host: str | None
        The address of your lakeFS instance.
    username: str | None
        The access key name to use in case of access key authentication.
    password: str | None
        The access key secret to use in case of access key authentication.
    api_key: str | None
        The API key to use in case of authentication with an API key.
    api_key_prefix: str | None
        A string prefix to use for the API key in authentication.
    access_token: str | None
        An access token to use in case of access token authentication.
    verify_ssl: bool
        Whether to verify SSL certificates in API interactions. Do not disable in production.
    ssl_ca_cert: str | None
        A custom certificate PEM file to use to verify the peer in SSL connections.
    proxy: str | None
        Proxy address to use when connecting to a lakeFS server.
    create_branch_ok: bool
        Whether to create branches implicitly when not-existing branches are referenced on file uploads.
    source_branch: str
        Source branch set as origin when a new branch is implicitly created.
    **storage_options: Any
        Configuration options to pass to the file system's directory cache.
    """

    protocol = "lakefs"
    transaction_type = LakeFSTransaction

    def __init__(
        self,
        host: str | None = None,
        username: str | None = None,
        password: str | None = None,
        api_key: str | None = None,
        api_key_prefix: str | None = None,
        access_token: str | None = None,
        verify_ssl: bool = True,
        ssl_ca_cert: str | None = None,
        proxy: str | None = None,
        create_branch_ok: bool = True,
        source_branch: str = "main",
        **storage_options: Any,
    ):
        super().__init__(**storage_options)

        # lakeFS client arguments
        cargs = [host, username, password, api_key, api_key_prefix, access_token, ssl_ca_cert]

        if all(arg is None for arg in cargs):
            # empty kwargs means envvar and configfile autodiscovery
            self.client = Client()
        else:
            self.client = Client(
                host=host,
                username=username,
                password=password,
                api_key=api_key,
                api_key_prefix=api_key_prefix,
                access_token=access_token,
                ssl_ca_cert=ssl_ca_cert,
            )

        # proxy address, not part of the constructor
        self.client.config.proxy = proxy
        # whether to verify SSL certs, not part of the constructor
        self.client.config.verify_ssl = verify_ssl

        self.create_branch_ok = create_branch_ok
        self.source_branch = source_branch

    @cached_property
    def _lakefs_server_version(self):
        with self.wrapped_api_call():
            return tuple(int(t) for t in self.client.version.split("."))

    @classmethod
    @overload
    def _strip_protocol(cls, path: str | os.PathLike[str] | Path) -> str: ...

    @classmethod
    @overload
    def _strip_protocol(cls, path: list[str | os.PathLike[str] | Path]) -> list[str]: ...

    @classmethod
    def _strip_protocol(cls, path):
        """Copied verbatim from the base class, save for the slash rstrip."""
        if isinstance(path, list):
            return [cls._strip_protocol(p) for p in path]
        spath = super()._strip_protocol(path)
        if stringify_path(path).endswith("/"):
            return spath + "/"
        return spath

    @contextmanager
    def wrapped_api_call(
        self, rpath: str | None = None, message: str | None = None, set_cause: bool = True
    ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
        """
        A context manager to wrap lakeFS API calls, translating any API errors to Python-native OS errors.

        Meant for internal use.

        Parameters
        ----------
        rpath: str | None
            The remote path involved in the requested API call.
        message: str | None
            A custom error message to emit instead of parsing the API error response.
        set_cause: bool
            Whether to include the original lakeFS API error in the resulting traceback.

        Yields
        ------
        None
            An empty generator, to be used as a context manager.

        Raises
        ------
        OSError
            Translated error from the lakeFS API call, if any.
        """
        try:
            yield
        except ServerException as e:
            raise translate_lakefs_error(e, rpath=rpath, message=message, set_cause=set_cause)

    def checksum(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str | None:
        """
        Get a remote lakeFS file object's checksum.

        This is usually its MD5 hash, unless another hash function was used on upload.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote path to look up the lakeFS checksum for. Must point to a single file object.

        Returns
        -------
        str | None
            The remote file's checksum, or ``None`` if ``path`` points to a directory or does not exist.
        """
        path = stringify_path(path)
        try:
            return self.info(path).get("checksum")
        except FileNotFoundError:
            return None

    def exists(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> bool:
        """
        Check existence of a remote path in a lakeFS repository.

        Input paths can either be files or directories.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote path whose existence to check. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

        Returns
        -------
        bool
            ``True`` if the requested path exists, ``False`` if it does not.

        Raises
        ------
        PermissionError
            If the user does not have sufficient permissions to query object existence.
        """
        path = stringify_path(path)
        repository, ref, resource = parse(path)
        try:
            reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)
            if reference.object(resource).exists():
                return True
            # if it isn't an object, it might be a common prefix (i.e. "directory").
            children = reference.objects(
                max_amount=1, prefix=resource.rstrip("/") + "/", delimiter="/"
            )
            return len(list(children)) > 0
        except ServerException as e:
            # in case of an error other than "not found", existence cannot be
            # decided, so raise the translated error.
            raise translate_lakefs_error(e)

    def cp_file(
        self, path1: str | os.PathLike[str], path2: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any
    ) -> None:
        """
        Copy a single file from one remote location to another in lakeFS.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path1: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote file location to be copied.
        path2: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The (remote) target location to which to copy the file.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
            When attempting to copy objects between repositories.
        """
        path1 = stringify_path(path1)
        path2 = stringify_path(path2)
        if path1 == path2:
            return

        orig_repo, orig_ref, orig_path = parse(path1)
        dest_repo, dest_ref, dest_path = parse(path2)

        if orig_repo != dest_repo:
            raise ValueError(
                "can only copy objects within a repository, but got source "
                f"repository {orig_repo!r} and destination repository {dest_repo!r}"
            )

        with self.wrapped_api_call():
            reference = lakefs.Reference(orig_repo, orig_ref, client=self.client)
            reference.object(orig_path).copy(dest_ref, dest_path)

    def get_file(
        self,
        rpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
        lpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
        callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
        outfile: Any = None,
        precheck: bool = True,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Download a single file from a remote lakeFS server to local storage.

        Parameters
        ----------
        rpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote path to download to local storage. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, and point to a single file.
        lpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The local path on disk to save the downloaded file to.
        callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback
            An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress.
        outfile: Any
            A file-like object to save the downloaded content to. Can be used in place of ``lpath``.
        precheck: bool
            Check if ``lpath`` already exists and compare its checksum with that of ``rpath``, skipping the download if they match.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments passed to ``AbstractFileSystem.open()``.
        """
        rpath = stringify_path(rpath)
        lpath = stringify_path(lpath)

        if precheck and Path(lpath).is_file():
            local_checksum = md5_checksum(lpath, blocksize=self.blocksize)
            remote_checksum = self.info(rpath).get("checksum")
            if local_checksum == remote_checksum:
                logger.info(
                    f"Skipping download of resource {rpath!r} to local path {lpath!r}: "
                    f"Resource {lpath!r} exists and checksums match."
                )
                return

        with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=rpath):
            super().get_file(rpath, lpath, callback=callback, outfile=outfile, **kwargs)

    def info(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Query a remote lakeFS object's metadata.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The object for which to obtain metadata. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, can either point to a file or a directory.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.ls()`` if ``path`` points to a directory.

        Returns
        -------
        dict[str, Any]
            A dictionary containing metadata on the object, including its full remote path and object type (file or directory).

        Raises
        ------
        FileNotFoundError
            If the ``path`` refers to a non-file path that does not exist in the repository.
        """
        path = stringify_path(path)
        repository, ref, resource = parse(path)
        # first, try with `stat_object` in case of a file.
        # the condition below checks edge cases of resources that cannot be files.
        if resource and not resource.endswith("/"):
            try:
                reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)
                res = reference.object(resource).stat()
                return {
                    "checksum": res.checksum,
                    "content-type": res.content_type,
                    "mtime": res.mtime,
                    "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{res.path}",
                    "size": res.size_bytes,
                    "type": "file",
                }
            except NotFoundException:
                # fall through, retry with `ls` if it's a directory.
                pass
            except ServerException as e:
                raise translate_lakefs_error(e, rpath=path)

        out = self.ls(path, detail=True, recursive=True, **kwargs)
        if not out:
            raise FileNotFoundError(errno.ENOENT, os.strerror(errno.ENOENT), path)

        return {
            "name": path.rstrip("/"),
            "size": sum(o.get("size") or 0 for o in out),
            "type": "directory",
        }

    def _update_dircache(self, info: list) -> None:
        """Update logic for dircache (optionally recursive) based on lakeFS API response"""
        parents = {self._parent(i["name"].rstrip("/")) for i in info}
        for pp in parents:
            # subset of info entries which are direct descendants of `parent`
            dir_info = [i for i in info if self._parent(i["name"].rstrip("/")) == pp]
            if pp not in self.dircache:
                self.dircache[pp] = dir_info
                continue

            # Merge existing dircache entry with updated listing, which contains either:
            # - files not present in the cache yet
            # - a fresh listing (if `refresh=True`)

            cache_entry = self.dircache[pp][:]

            old_names = {e["name"] for e in cache_entry}
            new_names = {e["name"] for e in dir_info}

            to_remove = old_names - new_names
            to_update = old_names.intersection(new_names)

            # Remove all entries no longer present in the current listing
            cache_entry = [e for e in cache_entry if e["name"] not in to_remove]

            # Overwrite existing entries in the cache with its updated values
            for name in to_update:
                old_idx = next(idx for idx, e in enumerate(cache_entry) if e["name"] == name)
                new_entry = next(e for e in info if e["name"] == name)

                cache_entry[old_idx] = new_entry
                dir_info.remove(new_entry)

            # Add the remaining (new) entries to the cache
            cache_entry.extend(dir_info)
            self.dircache[pp] = sorted(cache_entry, key=operator.itemgetter("name"))

    def _ls_from_cache(self, path: str, recursive: bool = False) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
        """Override of ``AbstractFileSystem._ls_from_cache`` with support for recursive listings."""
        if not recursive:
            return super()._ls_from_cache(path)

        result = None
        for key, files in self.dircache.items():
            if not (key.startswith(path) or path == key + "/"):
                continue
            if result is None:
                result = []
            result.extend(files)
        if not result:
            return result
        return sorted(result, key=operator.itemgetter("name"))

    @overload
    def ls(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        detail: Literal[True] = ...,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]: ...

    @overload
    def ls(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        detail: Literal[False],
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list[str]: ...

    @overload
    def ls(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        detail: bool = True,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]: ...

    def ls(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        detail: bool = True,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        List all available objects under a given path in lakeFS.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The path under which to list objects. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
            Can also point to a file, in which case the file's metadata will be returned.
        detail: bool
            Whether to obtain all metadata on the requested objects or just their names.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility.

            In particular:
                `refresh: bool`: whether to skip the directory listing cache,
                `recursive: bool`: whether to list subdirectory contents recursively

        Returns
        -------
        list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]
            A list of all objects' metadata under the given remote path if ``detail=True``, or alternatively only their names if ``detail=False``.
        """
        path = self._strip_protocol(path)
        repository, ref, prefix = parse(path)

        recursive = kwargs.pop("recursive", False)

        # Try lookup in dircache unless explicitly disabled by `refresh=True` kwarg
        use_dircache = not kwargs.pop("refresh", False)

        if use_dircache:
            cache_entry: list[Any] | None = None
            try:
                cache_entry = self._ls_from_cache(path, recursive=recursive)
            except FileNotFoundError:
                # we patch files missing from an ls call in the cache entry below,
                # so this should not be an error.
                pass

            if cache_entry is not None:
                if not detail:
                    return [e["name"] for e in cache_entry]
                return cache_entry[:]

        kwargs["prefix"] = prefix

        info = []
        # stat infos are either the path only (`detail=False`) or a dict full of metadata
        delimiter = "" if recursive else "/"
        reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)

        with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=path):
            for obj in reference.objects(prefix=prefix, delimiter=delimiter):
                if isinstance(obj, CommonPrefix):
                    # prefixes are added below.
                    info.append(
                        {
                            "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{obj.path}",
                            "size": 0,
                            "type": "directory",
                        }
                    )
                elif isinstance(obj, ObjectInfo):
                    info.append(
                        {
                            "checksum": obj.checksum,
                            "content-type": obj.content_type,
                            "mtime": obj.mtime,
                            "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{obj.path}",
                            "size": obj.size_bytes,
                            "type": "object",
                        }
                    )

        # Retry the API call with appended slash if the current result
        # is just a single directory entry only (not its contents).
        # This is useful to allow `ls("repo/branch/dir")` calls without a trailing slash.
        if len(info) == 1 and info[0]["type"] == "directory" and info[0]["name"] == path + "/":
            return self.ls(
                path + "/",
                detail=detail,
                **kwargs | {"refresh": not use_dircache, "recursive": recursive},
            )

        if recursive:
            # To make recursive ls behave identical to the non-recursive case,
            # add back virtual `directory` entries, which are only returned by
            # the lakeFS API when querying non-recursively.
            here = self._strip_protocol(path).rstrip("/")
            subdirs = {parent for o in info if (parent := self._parent(o["name"])) != here}
            for subdir in subdirs:
                info.append(
                    {
                        "name": subdir + "/",
                        "size": 0,
                        "type": "directory",
                    }
                )

        if info:
            self._update_dircache(info[:])

        if not detail:
            info = [o["name"] for o in info]  # type: ignore

        return info

    def open(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt", "x", "xb", "xt"] = "rb",
        pre_sign: bool = False,
        content_type: str | None = None,
        metadata: dict[str, str] | None = None,
        autocommit: bool = True,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LakeFSIOBase:
        """
        Dispatch a lakeFS file-like object (local buffer on disk) for the given remote path for up- or downloads depending on ``mode``.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote path for which to open a local ``LakeFSFile``. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt", "x", "xb", "xt"]
            The file mode indicating its purpose. Use ``r/rb`` for downloads from lakeFS, ``w/wb/x/xb`` for uploads to lakeFS.
        pre_sign: bool
            Whether to use a pre-signed URL for the file up-/download.
        content_type: str | None
            Content type to use for the file, relevant for uploads only.
        metadata: dict[str, str] | None
            Additional metadata to attach to the file, relevant for uploads only.
        autocommit: bool
            Whether to process the file immediately instead of queueing it for transaction while in a transaction context.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

        Returns
        -------
        LakeFSIOBase
            A local file-like object ready to hold data to be received from / sent to a lakeFS server.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If ``mode`` is not supported.
        """
        if mode.endswith("t"):
            # text modes {r,w,x}t are equivalent to {r,w,x} here respectively.
            mode = mode[:-1]  # type: ignore

        if mode not in {"r", "rb", "w", "wb", "x", "xb"}:
            raise NotImplementedError(f"unsupported mode {mode!r}")

        path = stringify_path(path)
        repo, ref, resource = parse(path)

        if mode.startswith("r"):
            reference = lakefs.Reference(repo, ref, client=self.client)
            obj = reference.object(resource)

            if not obj.exists():
                raise FileNotFoundError(path)
            handler = ObjectReader(obj, mode=mode, pre_sign=pre_sign, client=self.client)
        else:
            # for writing ops, ref must be a branch
            branch = lakefs.Branch(repo, ref, client=self.client)
            if self.create_branch_ok:
                branch.create(self.source_branch, exist_ok=True)

            obj = branch.object(resource)
            handler = ObjectWriter(
                obj,
                mode=mode,
                pre_sign=pre_sign,
                content_type=content_type,
                metadata=metadata,
                client=self.client,
            )

        ac = kwargs.pop("autocommit", not self._intrans)
        if not ac and "r" not in mode:
            self._transaction.files.append(handler)

        return handler

    def put_file(
        self,
        lpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
        rpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
        callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
        precheck: bool = True,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Upload a local file to a remote location on a lakeFS server.

        Note that depending on the block store type, additional configuration like credentials may need to be configured when ``use_blockstore=True`` and ``presign=False``.

        Parameters
        ----------
        lpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The local path on disk to upload to the lakeFS server.
        rpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote target path to upload the local file to. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback
            An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress.
        precheck: bool
            Check if ``lpath`` already exists and compare its checksum with that of ``rpath``, skipping the download if they match.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.open()``.
        """
        lpath = stringify_path(lpath)
        rpath = stringify_path(rpath)

        if precheck and Path(lpath).is_file():
            remote_checksum = self.checksum(rpath)
            local_checksum = md5_checksum(lpath, blocksize=self.blocksize)
            if local_checksum == remote_checksum:
                logger.info(
                    f"Skipping upload of resource {lpath!r} to remote path {rpath!r}: "
                    f"Resource {rpath!r} exists and checksums match."
                )
                return

        with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=rpath):
            super().put_file(lpath, rpath, callback=callback, **kwargs)

    def rm_file(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        Stage a remote file for removal on a lakeFS server.

        The file will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The remote file to delete. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        """
        self.rm(path)

    def rm(
        self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], recursive: bool = False, maxdepth: int | None = None
    ) -> None:
        """
        Stage multiple remote files for removal on a lakeFS server.

        The files will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            File(s) to delete.
        recursive: bool
            If file(s) include nested directories, recursively delete their contents.
        maxdepth: int | None
            Depth to pass to walk for finding files to delete, if recursive.
            If None, there will be no limit and infinite recursion may be
            possible.
        """

        path = stringify_path(path)
        repository, ref, prefix = parse(path)

        with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=path):
            branch = lakefs.Branch(repository, ref, client=self.client)
            objgen_batched = batched(
                branch.objects(prefix=prefix, delimiter="" if recursive else "/"), n=MAX_DELETE_OBJS
            )
            if maxdepth is None:
                for objgen in objgen_batched:
                    branch.delete_objects(obj.path for obj in objgen)
            else:
                for objgen in objgen_batched:
                    # nesting level is just the amount of "/"s in the path, no leading "/".
                    branch.delete_objects(
                        obj.path for obj in objgen if obj.path.count("/") <= maxdepth
                    )

            # Directory listing cache for the containing folder must be invalidated
            self.dircache.pop(self._parent(path), None)

    def touch(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], truncate: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """
        Create an empty file or update an existing file on a lakeFS server.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The file path to create or update. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        truncate: bool
            Whether to set the file size to 0 (zero) bytes, even if the path already exists.
        **kwargs: Any
            Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.open()``.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the targeted lakeFS server version does not support `touch()` operations.
        """

        # empty buffer upload errors were fixed in https://github.com/treeverse/lakeFS/issues/7130,
        # which was first released in lakeFS v1.3.1.
        if self._lakefs_server_version < (1, 3, 1):
            version_string = ".".join(str(v) for v in self._lakefs_server_version)
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "LakeFSFileSystem.touch() is not supported for your lakeFS server version. "
                f"minimum required version: '1.3.1', actual version: {version_string!r}"
            )

        super().touch(path=path, truncate=truncate, **kwargs)

    def tail(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], size: int = 1024) -> bytes:
        """
        Get the last ``size`` bytes from a remote file.

        Parameters
        ----------
        path: str | os.PathLike[str]
            The file path to read. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        size: int
            The amount of bytes to get.

        Returns
        -------
        bytes
            The bytes at the end of the requested file.
        """
        f: ObjectReader
        with self.open(path, "rb") as f:
            f.seek(max(-size, -f._obj.stat().size_bytes), 2)
            return f.read()

wrapped_api_call

wrapped_api_call(
    rpath: str | None = None, message: str | None = None, set_cause: bool = True
) -> Generator[None, None, None]

A context manager to wrap lakeFS API calls, translating any API errors to Python-native OS errors.

Meant for internal use.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
rpath	The remote path involved in the requested API call. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
message	A custom error message to emit instead of parsing the API error response. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
set_cause	Whether to include the original lakeFS API error in the resulting traceback. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True

YIELDS	DESCRIPTION
None	An empty generator, to be used as a context manager.

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
OSError	Translated error from the lakeFS API call, if any.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

@contextmanager
def wrapped_api_call(
    self, rpath: str | None = None, message: str | None = None, set_cause: bool = True
) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
    """
    A context manager to wrap lakeFS API calls, translating any API errors to Python-native OS errors.

    Meant for internal use.

    Parameters
    ----------
    rpath: str | None
        The remote path involved in the requested API call.
    message: str | None
        A custom error message to emit instead of parsing the API error response.
    set_cause: bool
        Whether to include the original lakeFS API error in the resulting traceback.

    Yields
    ------
    None
        An empty generator, to be used as a context manager.

    Raises
    ------
    OSError
        Translated error from the lakeFS API call, if any.
    """
    try:
        yield
    except ServerException as e:
        raise translate_lakefs_error(e, rpath=rpath, message=message, set_cause=set_cause)

checksum

checksum(path: str | PathLike[str]) -> str | None

Get a remote lakeFS file object's checksum.

This is usually its MD5 hash, unless another hash function was used on upload.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The remote path to look up the lakeFS checksum for. Must point to a single file object. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
str | None	The remote file's checksum, or None if path points to a directory or does not exist.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def checksum(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str | None:
    """
    Get a remote lakeFS file object's checksum.

    This is usually its MD5 hash, unless another hash function was used on upload.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote path to look up the lakeFS checksum for. Must point to a single file object.

    Returns
    -------
    str | None
        The remote file's checksum, or ``None`` if ``path`` points to a directory or does not exist.
    """
    path = stringify_path(path)
    try:
        return self.info(path).get("checksum")
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return None

exists

exists(path: str | PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> bool

Check existence of a remote path in a lakeFS repository.

Input paths can either be files or directories.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The remote path whose existence to check. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool	True if the requested path exists, False if it does not.

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
PermissionError	If the user does not have sufficient permissions to query object existence.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def exists(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> bool:
    """
    Check existence of a remote path in a lakeFS repository.

    Input paths can either be files or directories.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote path whose existence to check. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

    Returns
    -------
    bool
        ``True`` if the requested path exists, ``False`` if it does not.

    Raises
    ------
    PermissionError
        If the user does not have sufficient permissions to query object existence.
    """
    path = stringify_path(path)
    repository, ref, resource = parse(path)
    try:
        reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)
        if reference.object(resource).exists():
            return True
        # if it isn't an object, it might be a common prefix (i.e. "directory").
        children = reference.objects(
            max_amount=1, prefix=resource.rstrip("/") + "/", delimiter="/"
        )
        return len(list(children)) > 0
    except ServerException as e:
        # in case of an error other than "not found", existence cannot be
        # decided, so raise the translated error.
        raise translate_lakefs_error(e)

cp_file

cp_file(path1: str | PathLike[str], path2: str | PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> None

Copy a single file from one remote location to another in lakeFS.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path1	The remote file location to be copied. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
path2	The (remote) target location to which to copy the file. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
ValueError	When attempting to copy objects between repositories.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def cp_file(
    self, path1: str | os.PathLike[str], path2: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any
) -> None:
    """
    Copy a single file from one remote location to another in lakeFS.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path1: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote file location to be copied.
    path2: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The (remote) target location to which to copy the file.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

    Raises
    ------
    ValueError
        When attempting to copy objects between repositories.
    """
    path1 = stringify_path(path1)
    path2 = stringify_path(path2)
    if path1 == path2:
        return

    orig_repo, orig_ref, orig_path = parse(path1)
    dest_repo, dest_ref, dest_path = parse(path2)

    if orig_repo != dest_repo:
        raise ValueError(
            "can only copy objects within a repository, but got source "
            f"repository {orig_repo!r} and destination repository {dest_repo!r}"
        )

    with self.wrapped_api_call():
        reference = lakefs.Reference(orig_repo, orig_ref, client=self.client)
        reference.object(orig_path).copy(dest_ref, dest_path)

get_file

get_file(
    rpath: str | PathLike[str],
    lpath: str | PathLike[str],
    callback: Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
    outfile: Any = None,
    precheck: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any
) -> None

Download a single file from a remote lakeFS server to local storage.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
rpath	The remote path to download to local storage. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, and point to a single file. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
lpath	The local path on disk to save the downloaded file to. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
callback	An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress. TYPE: Callback DEFAULT: _DEFAULT_CALLBACK
outfile	A file-like object to save the downloaded content to. Can be used in place of lpath. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: None
precheck	Check if lpath already exists and compare its checksum with that of rpath, skipping the download if they match. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments passed to AbstractFileSystem.open(). TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def get_file(
    self,
    rpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
    lpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
    callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
    outfile: Any = None,
    precheck: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> None:
    """
    Download a single file from a remote lakeFS server to local storage.

    Parameters
    ----------
    rpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote path to download to local storage. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, and point to a single file.
    lpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The local path on disk to save the downloaded file to.
    callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback
        An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress.
    outfile: Any
        A file-like object to save the downloaded content to. Can be used in place of ``lpath``.
    precheck: bool
        Check if ``lpath`` already exists and compare its checksum with that of ``rpath``, skipping the download if they match.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments passed to ``AbstractFileSystem.open()``.
    """
    rpath = stringify_path(rpath)
    lpath = stringify_path(lpath)

    if precheck and Path(lpath).is_file():
        local_checksum = md5_checksum(lpath, blocksize=self.blocksize)
        remote_checksum = self.info(rpath).get("checksum")
        if local_checksum == remote_checksum:
            logger.info(
                f"Skipping download of resource {rpath!r} to local path {lpath!r}: "
                f"Resource {lpath!r} exists and checksums match."
            )
            return

    with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=rpath):
        super().get_file(rpath, lpath, callback=callback, outfile=outfile, **kwargs)

info

info(path: str | PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]

Query a remote lakeFS object's metadata.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The object for which to obtain metadata. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, can either point to a file or a directory. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments to pass to LakeFSFileSystem.ls() if path points to a directory. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
dict[str, Any]	A dictionary containing metadata on the object, including its full remote path and object type (file or directory).

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
FileNotFoundError	If the path refers to a non-file path that does not exist in the repository.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def info(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Query a remote lakeFS object's metadata.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The object for which to obtain metadata. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI, can either point to a file or a directory.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.ls()`` if ``path`` points to a directory.

    Returns
    -------
    dict[str, Any]
        A dictionary containing metadata on the object, including its full remote path and object type (file or directory).

    Raises
    ------
    FileNotFoundError
        If the ``path`` refers to a non-file path that does not exist in the repository.
    """
    path = stringify_path(path)
    repository, ref, resource = parse(path)
    # first, try with `stat_object` in case of a file.
    # the condition below checks edge cases of resources that cannot be files.
    if resource and not resource.endswith("/"):
        try:
            reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)
            res = reference.object(resource).stat()
            return {
                "checksum": res.checksum,
                "content-type": res.content_type,
                "mtime": res.mtime,
                "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{res.path}",
                "size": res.size_bytes,
                "type": "file",
            }
        except NotFoundException:
            # fall through, retry with `ls` if it's a directory.
            pass
        except ServerException as e:
            raise translate_lakefs_error(e, rpath=path)

    out = self.ls(path, detail=True, recursive=True, **kwargs)
    if not out:
        raise FileNotFoundError(errno.ENOENT, os.strerror(errno.ENOENT), path)

    return {
        "name": path.rstrip("/"),
        "size": sum(o.get("size") or 0 for o in out),
        "type": "directory",
    }

ls

ls(
    path: str | PathLike[str], detail: bool = True, **kwargs: Any
) -> list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]

List all available objects under a given path in lakeFS.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The path under which to list objects. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. Can also point to a file, in which case the file's metadata will be returned. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
detail	Whether to obtain all metadata on the requested objects or just their names. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility. In particular: refresh: bool: whether to skip the directory listing cache, recursive: bool: whether to list subdirectory contents recursively TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]	A list of all objects' metadata under the given remote path if detail=True, or alternatively only their names if detail=False.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def ls(
    self,
    path: str | os.PathLike[str],
    detail: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]:
    """
    List all available objects under a given path in lakeFS.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The path under which to list objects. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
        Can also point to a file, in which case the file's metadata will be returned.
    detail: bool
        Whether to obtain all metadata on the requested objects or just their names.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility.

        In particular:
            `refresh: bool`: whether to skip the directory listing cache,
            `recursive: bool`: whether to list subdirectory contents recursively

    Returns
    -------
    list[str] | list[dict[str, Any]]
        A list of all objects' metadata under the given remote path if ``detail=True``, or alternatively only their names if ``detail=False``.
    """
    path = self._strip_protocol(path)
    repository, ref, prefix = parse(path)

    recursive = kwargs.pop("recursive", False)

    # Try lookup in dircache unless explicitly disabled by `refresh=True` kwarg
    use_dircache = not kwargs.pop("refresh", False)

    if use_dircache:
        cache_entry: list[Any] | None = None
        try:
            cache_entry = self._ls_from_cache(path, recursive=recursive)
        except FileNotFoundError:
            # we patch files missing from an ls call in the cache entry below,
            # so this should not be an error.
            pass

        if cache_entry is not None:
            if not detail:
                return [e["name"] for e in cache_entry]
            return cache_entry[:]

    kwargs["prefix"] = prefix

    info = []
    # stat infos are either the path only (`detail=False`) or a dict full of metadata
    delimiter = "" if recursive else "/"
    reference = lakefs.Reference(repository, ref, client=self.client)

    with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=path):
        for obj in reference.objects(prefix=prefix, delimiter=delimiter):
            if isinstance(obj, CommonPrefix):
                # prefixes are added below.
                info.append(
                    {
                        "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{obj.path}",
                        "size": 0,
                        "type": "directory",
                    }
                )
            elif isinstance(obj, ObjectInfo):
                info.append(
                    {
                        "checksum": obj.checksum,
                        "content-type": obj.content_type,
                        "mtime": obj.mtime,
                        "name": f"{repository}/{ref}/{obj.path}",
                        "size": obj.size_bytes,
                        "type": "object",
                    }
                )

    # Retry the API call with appended slash if the current result
    # is just a single directory entry only (not its contents).
    # This is useful to allow `ls("repo/branch/dir")` calls without a trailing slash.
    if len(info) == 1 and info[0]["type"] == "directory" and info[0]["name"] == path + "/":
        return self.ls(
            path + "/",
            detail=detail,
            **kwargs | {"refresh": not use_dircache, "recursive": recursive},
        )

    if recursive:
        # To make recursive ls behave identical to the non-recursive case,
        # add back virtual `directory` entries, which are only returned by
        # the lakeFS API when querying non-recursively.
        here = self._strip_protocol(path).rstrip("/")
        subdirs = {parent for o in info if (parent := self._parent(o["name"])) != here}
        for subdir in subdirs:
            info.append(
                {
                    "name": subdir + "/",
                    "size": 0,
                    "type": "directory",
                }
            )

    if info:
        self._update_dircache(info[:])

    if not detail:
        info = [o["name"] for o in info]  # type: ignore

    return info

open

open(
    path: str | PathLike[str],
    mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt", "x", "xb", "xt"] = "rb",
    pre_sign: bool = False,
    content_type: str | None = None,
    metadata: dict[str, str] | None = None,
    autocommit: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any
) -> LakeFSIOBase

Dispatch a lakeFS file-like object (local buffer on disk) for the given remote path for up- or downloads depending on mode.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The remote path for which to open a local LakeFSFile. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
mode	The file mode indicating its purpose. Use r/rb for downloads from lakeFS, w/wb/x/xb for uploads to lakeFS. TYPE: Literal['r', 'rb', 'rt', 'w', 'wb', 'wt', 'x', 'xb', 'xt'] DEFAULT: 'rb'
pre_sign	Whether to use a pre-signed URL for the file up-/download. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
content_type	Content type to use for the file, relevant for uploads only. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None
metadata	Additional metadata to attach to the file, relevant for uploads only. TYPE: dict[str, str] | None DEFAULT: None
autocommit	Whether to process the file immediately instead of queueing it for transaction while in a transaction context. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
LakeFSIOBase	A local file-like object ready to hold data to be received from / sent to a lakeFS server.

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
NotImplementedError	If mode is not supported.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def open(
    self,
    path: str | os.PathLike[str],
    mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt", "x", "xb", "xt"] = "rb",
    pre_sign: bool = False,
    content_type: str | None = None,
    metadata: dict[str, str] | None = None,
    autocommit: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> LakeFSIOBase:
    """
    Dispatch a lakeFS file-like object (local buffer on disk) for the given remote path for up- or downloads depending on ``mode``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote path for which to open a local ``LakeFSFile``. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt", "x", "xb", "xt"]
        The file mode indicating its purpose. Use ``r/rb`` for downloads from lakeFS, ``w/wb/x/xb`` for uploads to lakeFS.
    pre_sign: bool
        Whether to use a pre-signed URL for the file up-/download.
    content_type: str | None
        Content type to use for the file, relevant for uploads only.
    metadata: dict[str, str] | None
        Additional metadata to attach to the file, relevant for uploads only.
    autocommit: bool
        Whether to process the file immediately instead of queueing it for transaction while in a transaction context.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments for fsspec compatibility, unused.

    Returns
    -------
    LakeFSIOBase
        A local file-like object ready to hold data to be received from / sent to a lakeFS server.

    Raises
    ------
    NotImplementedError
        If ``mode`` is not supported.
    """
    if mode.endswith("t"):
        # text modes {r,w,x}t are equivalent to {r,w,x} here respectively.
        mode = mode[:-1]  # type: ignore

    if mode not in {"r", "rb", "w", "wb", "x", "xb"}:
        raise NotImplementedError(f"unsupported mode {mode!r}")

    path = stringify_path(path)
    repo, ref, resource = parse(path)

    if mode.startswith("r"):
        reference = lakefs.Reference(repo, ref, client=self.client)
        obj = reference.object(resource)

        if not obj.exists():
            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
        handler = ObjectReader(obj, mode=mode, pre_sign=pre_sign, client=self.client)
    else:
        # for writing ops, ref must be a branch
        branch = lakefs.Branch(repo, ref, client=self.client)
        if self.create_branch_ok:
            branch.create(self.source_branch, exist_ok=True)

        obj = branch.object(resource)
        handler = ObjectWriter(
            obj,
            mode=mode,
            pre_sign=pre_sign,
            content_type=content_type,
            metadata=metadata,
            client=self.client,
        )

    ac = kwargs.pop("autocommit", not self._intrans)
    if not ac and "r" not in mode:
        self._transaction.files.append(handler)

    return handler

put_file

put_file(
    lpath: str | PathLike[str],
    rpath: str | PathLike[str],
    callback: Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
    precheck: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any
) -> None

Upload a local file to a remote location on a lakeFS server.

Note that depending on the block store type, additional configuration like credentials may need to be configured when use_blockstore=True and presign=False.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
lpath	The local path on disk to upload to the lakeFS server. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
rpath	The remote target path to upload the local file to. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
callback	An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress. TYPE: Callback DEFAULT: _DEFAULT_CALLBACK
precheck	Check if lpath already exists and compare its checksum with that of rpath, skipping the download if they match. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments to pass to LakeFSFileSystem.open(). TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def put_file(
    self,
    lpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
    rpath: str | os.PathLike[str],
    callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback = _DEFAULT_CALLBACK,
    precheck: bool = True,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> None:
    """
    Upload a local file to a remote location on a lakeFS server.

    Note that depending on the block store type, additional configuration like credentials may need to be configured when ``use_blockstore=True`` and ``presign=False``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    lpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The local path on disk to upload to the lakeFS server.
    rpath: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote target path to upload the local file to. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    callback: fsspec.callbacks.Callback
        An fsspec callback to use during the operation. Can be used to report download progress.
    precheck: bool
        Check if ``lpath`` already exists and compare its checksum with that of ``rpath``, skipping the download if they match.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.open()``.
    """
    lpath = stringify_path(lpath)
    rpath = stringify_path(rpath)

    if precheck and Path(lpath).is_file():
        remote_checksum = self.checksum(rpath)
        local_checksum = md5_checksum(lpath, blocksize=self.blocksize)
        if local_checksum == remote_checksum:
            logger.info(
                f"Skipping upload of resource {lpath!r} to remote path {rpath!r}: "
                f"Resource {rpath!r} exists and checksums match."
            )
            return

    with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=rpath):
        super().put_file(lpath, rpath, callback=callback, **kwargs)

rm_file

rm_file(path: str | PathLike[str]) -> None

Stage a remote file for removal on a lakeFS server.

The file will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The remote file to delete. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def rm_file(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    """
    Stage a remote file for removal on a lakeFS server.

    The file will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The remote file to delete. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    """
    self.rm(path)

rm

rm(path: str | PathLike[str], recursive: bool = False, maxdepth: int | None = None) -> None

Stage multiple remote files for removal on a lakeFS server.

The files will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	File(s) to delete. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
recursive	If file(s) include nested directories, recursively delete their contents. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
maxdepth	Depth to pass to walk for finding files to delete, if recursive. If None, there will be no limit and infinite recursion may be possible. TYPE: int | None DEFAULT: None

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def rm(
    self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], recursive: bool = False, maxdepth: int | None = None
) -> None:
    """
    Stage multiple remote files for removal on a lakeFS server.

    The files will not actually be removed from the requested branch until a commit is created.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        File(s) to delete.
    recursive: bool
        If file(s) include nested directories, recursively delete their contents.
    maxdepth: int | None
        Depth to pass to walk for finding files to delete, if recursive.
        If None, there will be no limit and infinite recursion may be
        possible.
    """

    path = stringify_path(path)
    repository, ref, prefix = parse(path)

    with self.wrapped_api_call(rpath=path):
        branch = lakefs.Branch(repository, ref, client=self.client)
        objgen_batched = batched(
            branch.objects(prefix=prefix, delimiter="" if recursive else "/"), n=MAX_DELETE_OBJS
        )
        if maxdepth is None:
            for objgen in objgen_batched:
                branch.delete_objects(obj.path for obj in objgen)
        else:
            for objgen in objgen_batched:
                # nesting level is just the amount of "/"s in the path, no leading "/".
                branch.delete_objects(
                    obj.path for obj in objgen if obj.path.count("/") <= maxdepth
                )

        # Directory listing cache for the containing folder must be invalidated
        self.dircache.pop(self._parent(path), None)

touch

touch(path: str | PathLike[str], truncate: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> None

Create an empty file or update an existing file on a lakeFS server.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The file path to create or update. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
truncate	Whether to set the file size to 0 (zero) bytes, even if the path already exists. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
**kwargs	Additional keyword arguments to pass to LakeFSFileSystem.open(). TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
NotImplementedError	If the targeted lakeFS server version does not support touch() operations.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def touch(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], truncate: bool = True, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
    """
    Create an empty file or update an existing file on a lakeFS server.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The file path to create or update. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    truncate: bool
        Whether to set the file size to 0 (zero) bytes, even if the path already exists.
    **kwargs: Any
        Additional keyword arguments to pass to ``LakeFSFileSystem.open()``.

    Raises
    ------
    NotImplementedError
        If the targeted lakeFS server version does not support `touch()` operations.
    """

    # empty buffer upload errors were fixed in https://github.com/treeverse/lakeFS/issues/7130,
    # which was first released in lakeFS v1.3.1.
    if self._lakefs_server_version < (1, 3, 1):
        version_string = ".".join(str(v) for v in self._lakefs_server_version)
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "LakeFSFileSystem.touch() is not supported for your lakeFS server version. "
            f"minimum required version: '1.3.1', actual version: {version_string!r}"
        )

    super().touch(path=path, truncate=truncate, **kwargs)

tail

tail(path: str | PathLike[str], size: int = 1024) -> bytes

Get the last size bytes from a remote file.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	The file path to read. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI. TYPE: str | PathLike[str]
size	The amount of bytes to get. TYPE: int DEFAULT: 1024

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bytes	The bytes at the end of the requested file.

Source code in src/lakefs_spec/spec.py

def tail(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str], size: int = 1024) -> bytes:
    """
    Get the last ``size`` bytes from a remote file.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path: str | os.PathLike[str]
        The file path to read. Must be a fully qualified lakeFS URI.
    size: int
        The amount of bytes to get.

    Returns
    -------
    bytes
        The bytes at the end of the requested file.
    """
    f: ObjectReader
    with self.open(path, "rb") as f:
        f.seek(max(-size, -f._obj.stat().size_bytes), 2)
        return f.read()